![]() Peasant society and the image of limited good. In this research, participants exhibited a persistent zero-sum bias, expecting a zero-sum resource distribution even in an explicitly non-zero-sum context.įoster, G. Zero-sum bias: perceived competition despite unlimited resources. The Person And The Situation: Perspectives Of Social Psychology (Pinter & Martin, 2011). The strategy of conflict: prospectus for a reorientation of game theory. Theory Of Games And Economic Behavior 2nd edn, xviii, 641 (Princeton Univ. This systematic study of zero-sum beliefs advances our understanding of how these beliefs arise, how they influence people’s behaviour and, we hope, how they can be mitigated. Specifically, we identify three broad psychological channels that elicit zero-sum beliefs: intrapersonal and situational forces that elicit threat, generate real or imagined resource scarcity, and inhibit deliberation. Although zero-sum beliefs have been mostly conceptualized as an individual difference and a generalized mindset, their emergence and expression are sensitive to cognitive, motivational and contextual forces. In doing so, we examine when, why and how such beliefs emerge and what their consequences are for individuals, groups and society. ![]() In this Review, we synthesize social, cognitive, evolutionary and organizational psychology research on zero-sum beliefs. ![]() People often hold zero-sum beliefs (subjective beliefs that, independent of the actual distribution of resources, one party’s gains are inevitably accrued at other parties’ expense) about interpersonal, intergroup and international relations.
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